Interviews


Autor: dollytam.

This presentation covers: - types of interviews: structured, unstructured; individual, group - planning the interviews - questions - probing - interview tips - capturing the data Interviews - talking and listening to people The participant is being interviewed, not interrogated Checking in…
  • What do you think? Answer YES or NO to each of the following
  • Interviews involve talking with people
  • Everyone would rather be interviewed than surveyed
  • There is one standard method of interviewing
  • Interviews are always done in-person
  • Because interviews are personal, they are more culturally appropriate
  • Interviews can create a lot of narrative data that will require time to analyze
  • Interviewers should ask the same question in the same way of all respondents .
Check answers Checking in - Answers
  • Interviews involve talking with people YES
  • Everyone would rather be interviewed than surveyed NO (depends upon the person, topic and situation)
  • There is one standard method of interviewing NO (way to interview falls along a continuum from structured to conversational)
  • Interviews are always done in-person NO (interviews can be conducted by telephone or other audio devices)
  • Because interviews are personal, they are always culturally appropriate NO
  • Interviews can create a lot of narrative data that will require time to analyze YES
  • Interviewers should ask the same question in the same way of all respondents . NO
These questions are…
  • What you mean is that there is not a specific way to learn vocabulary?
  • Some people would say that the process of learning a foreign language is easy and takes a couple of years, do you agree with them?
  • Imagine you are an English teacher, what activities would you plan for the first class?
  • According to your point of view, what is the best way to learn vocabulary?
Interviewing is…
  • Verbally asking program participants the program evaluation questions and hearing the participant’s point of view in his or her own words.
  • Interviews can be either structured or unstructured
  • They can be conducted in person or over the telephone.
  • They can be conducted individually or as a group
  • “ Direct quotations from people about experiences, opinions, feelings and knowledge” (Patton, 1990)
   How culturally appropriate are interviews?
  • Things to consider:
  • Preferred by people with an oral culture
  • Language level proficiency; verbal skill proficiency
  • Politeness – responding to authority (thinking it’s unacceptable to say “no”), nodding, smiling, agreeing
  • Need to have someone present
  • Relationship/position of interviewer – for example, do youth feel comfortable speaking frankly to the interviewer?
  • May be seen as interrogation
  • Direct questioning may be seen as impolite, threatening, or confrontational
  Think about…
  • How would the
  • information be different
  • for different types of
  • interviews: structured or unstructured? Individual or group?
  • When might you use each?
Plan your interview process
  • What do you want to learn – what is your purpose for conducting the interviews?
  • Who do you intend to interview?
  • Will you conduct individual or group interviews? Which will be more comfortable for youth participants? If you are considering a group interview, how might the presence of peers affect them?
    • Exactly who will you interview?
    • How many?
    • How will they be selected?
Plan the interview, continued…
  • Where will the interview be held?
    • How long will each interview take?
  • Who will do the interviewing?
    • You? Colleagues from another county? Youth? Others?
    • Will you need to train the interviewers?
  • Will there be an incentive for participants?
    • Food may be helpful!
Develop the interview questions
  • What do you want to know?
    • Review the purpose of your evaluation and why you are conducting these interviews
  • Decide on the questions you will ask
    • Brainstorm questions
    • Prioritize and identify the key questions
    • Identify possible probing questions
    • Anticipate how long each question will take to answer and keep within your timeframe
Develop interview questions continued…
  • Sequence the questions
    • Opening questions, transition questions, ending questions
  • Write your questions down in an interview guide that lists the topics or questions to be covered
    • Remember: the type and specificity of your questions depends upon whether you are conducting a structured, semi structured or unstructured interview
    • Check the wording of your questions, “using words that make sense to the interviewee…” (Patton, 1990)
Avoid asking why questions Source: Patton, M.Q., 1990. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2 nd ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, pg 316.  Pilot test the questions
  • With a colleague, friend, or family member
  • and/or
  • With a few people like those you intend to interview
Practice – Practice - Practice
  • Good interviewing requires skill
  • Practice interviewing before you begin
    • Ask a colleague to ‘stand in’ as the respondent, or solicit someone from the interviewee population
  • Know your questions well so the interview flows smoothly
Contact the respondent
  • By telephone or in-person
  • Personalize the request
  • Explain:
    • Purpose of the interview – how data will be used
    • How long it will take
    • How it will be conducted – when, where, etc.
    • Solicit participation and arrange date/time for the interview
  • Send the interview questions in advance as appropriate
Introduction
  • Create an open, respectful environment
  • Ensure the person is comfortable
  • Review the purpose of the interview
  • Assure Human subjects protection
    • Distribute consent form
    • “ May I proceed?” “Is it okay to begin”
Use probing to gain insight
  • Probing is the process
  • of asking follow-up questions
  • to dig deeper
  • in order to obtain
  • useful, meaningful information
  • Depended on participants’ answers
  • Avoid pressing too hard and too fast
Probing - example
  • Interview question: “What did you like best about this program?”
    • Response: “I liked everything.”
  • Probe 1: “What one thing stood out?”
    • Response: “Being with my friends.”
  • Probe 2: “What about the program activities?”
    • Response : “I liked it when we worked as a team.”
  • Probe 3: “How come?”
    • Response : “It was neat to hear each other’s perspectives. I heard some things I hadn’t considered before.”
  • Probe 4: “What is one thing that you learned?”
Capturing what people say during the interview: Options
  • Use paper and write down what the person says as she talks
  • Jot down notes during the interview and fill in immediately after the interview
  • Type responses into a computer
  • Tape record the interview (audio or video tape) – for transcription
  • Work in pairs: one interviews and the other records the responses
At the end…
  • Check and fill in your notes at the end of each interview – don’t wait to do this because you will forget details
  • Write a brief summary for each interview – highlight themes, quotes, key points
  • Postinterview notes allow the investigator to monitor the process of data collection as well as begin to analyze the information itself
Analyzing interview data
  • Review notes, listen to tapes or review transcripts
  • Organize interviews by question and summarize across all interviews
  • Identify themes, patterns and divergences
  • Highlight key points and notable quotes
    • Depending upon the amount of interview data you have, you may do the data processing by hand or by computer (Word, Excel, qualitative software programs)
Analyzing interview data
  • For help with qualitative data analysis see:
  • PDE booklet, Analyzing qualitative data http://learningstore.uwex.edu/pdf/G3658-12.PDF
  • Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Wrap-up: Interviewing tips
  • Establish rapport and comfort
  • Establish time frame for interview
  • and stick to it
  • Pitch your language to the respondent
  • Begin with topics of interest to the interviewee
  • Ask one question at a time
  • Be careful about verbal and nonverbal cues
  • Be respectful
  • Listen carefully – be patient
Checking back in…
  • What do you think NOW compared to what you thought Before going through this presentation?
  • Interviews involve talking with people
  • Everyone would rather be interviewed than surveyed
  • There is one standard method of interviewing
  • Interviews are always done in-person
  • Because interviews are personal, they are always culturally appropriate
  • Interviews can create a lot of narrative data that will require time to analyze
Reflection
  • Spend a few minutes reflecting on what we covered in this presentation
  • What, if anything, did you learn that you didn’t know before?
  • What is one ‘ah-ha’ you had?

Fuente: http://www.slideshare.net/dollytam/interviews-9164794

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